Non-ideal transformers refer to transformers that do not perform perfectly or have some imperfections in their operation. There are several factors that can affect the performance of transformers, such as: Core losses: These are losses that occur due to the magnetic properties of the transformer core. The core may not be perfectly magnetized, leading to power loss in the form of heat. Leakage inductance: This refers to the magnetic flux that is not coupled between the primary and secondary windings. This can lead to energy loss and reduced efficiency. Capacitance: Transformers have capacitance between their windings and between the windings and the core. This capacitance can cause losses and affect the performance of the transformer. Hysteresis: This is a phenomenon where the magnetic properties of the core cause energy to be lost due to the magnetic reversal of the core. Eddy current losses: These are losses that occur when magnetic fields in the core induce current in th...